Hi!
Once again, I am going to present you some vulkan features, like pipelines, barriers, memory management, and all things useful for prior ones. This article will be long, but it will be separating into several chapters.

Memory Management

In Vulkan application, it is up to the developer to manage himself the memory. The number of allocations is limited. Make one allocation for one buffer, or one image is really a bad design in Vulkan. One good design is to make a big allocation (let’s call that a chunk), and manage it yourself, and allocate buffer or image within the chunk.

A Chunk Allocator

We need a simple object which has responsibility for allocations of chunks. It just has to select the good heap and call allocate and free from Vulkan API.

#pragma once

#include "System/Vulkan/Hardware/device.hpp"
#include <tuple>

class ChunkAllocator
{
public:
    ChunkAllocator(Device &device);

    // Memory, flags, size, ptr
    std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkMemoryPropertyFlags, VkDeviceSize, char *>
    allocate(VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags, VkDeviceSize size);

    ~ChunkAllocator();

private:
    Device &mDevice;

    std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> mDeviceMemories; //!< Each chunk
};

#include "chunkallocator.hpp"
#include "System/exception.hpp"

ChunkAllocator::ChunkAllocator(Device &device) : mDevice(device)
{

}

std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkMemoryPropertyFlags, VkDeviceSize, char*>
ChunkAllocator::allocate(VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags, VkDeviceSize size) {
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const &property = mDevice.memoryProperties();
    int index = -1;

    // Looking for a heap with good flags and good size
    for(auto i(0u); i < property.memoryTypeCount; ++i)
        if((property.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & flags) == flags)
            if(size < property.memoryHeaps[property.memoryTypes[i].heapIndex].size)
                index = i;

    if(index == -1)
        throw std::runtime_error("No good heap found");

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo info = {};
    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    info.pNext = nullptr;
    info.allocationSize = size;
    info.memoryTypeIndex = index;

    // Perform the allocation
    VkDeviceMemory mem;
    vulkanCheckError(vkAllocateMemory(mDevice, &info, nullptr, &mem));
    mDeviceMemories.push_back(mem);

    char *ptr;
     // We map the memory if it is host visible
    if(flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT)
        vulkanCheckError(vkMapMemory(mDevice, mem, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0, (void**)&ptr));


    return std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkMemoryPropertyFlags, VkDeviceSize, char*>
            (mem, flags, size, ptr);
}

ChunkAllocator::~ChunkAllocator() {
    // We free all memory objects
    for(auto &mem : mDeviceMemories)
        vkFreeMemory(mDevice, mem, nullptr);
}

This piece of code is quite simple and easy to read.

Memory Pool

Memory pools are structures used to optimize dynamic allocation performances. In video games, it is not an option to use a memory pool. Ideas are the same I told in the first part. Allocate a chunk, and sub allocate yourself within the chunk. I made a simple generic memory pool.
There is a little scheme which explains what I wanted to do.

As you can see, video memory is separated into several parts (4 here) and each “Block” in the linked list describes one sub-allocation.
One block is described by :

1. Size of the block
2. Offset of the block relatively with the DeviceMemory
3. A pointer to set data from the host (map)
4. Boolean to know about the freeness of the block

A sub-allocation within a chunk is performed as follows :

1. Traverse the linked list until we find a well-sized free block
2. Modify the size and set the boolean to false
3. Create a new block, set size, offset and put boolean to true and insert it after the current one.

A free is quite simple, you just have to put the boolean to true.
A good other method could be a “shrink to fit”. If there are some following others with the boolean set to true, we merge all blocks into one.

#pragma once

#include "chunkallocator.hpp"

// Memory, Offset, Size, ptr
using Allocation = std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkDeviceSize, VkDeviceSize, char*>;

class MemoryPool {
    // Describes one user allocation
    struct Block {
        VkDeviceSize offset;
        VkDeviceSize size;
        char *ptr;
        bool isFree;
    };

    struct Chunk {
        VkDeviceMemory memory;
        VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags;
        VkDeviceSize size;
        char *ptr;
        std::vector<Block> blocks;
    };

public:
    MemoryPool(Device &device);

    Allocation allocate(VkDeviceSize size, VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags);

    void free(Allocation const &alloc);

private:
    Device &mDevice;
    ChunkAllocator mChunkAllocator;
    std::vector<Chunk> mChunks;

    void addChunk(std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkMemoryPropertyFlags,
                  VkDeviceSize, char*> const &ptr);
};

#include "memorypool.hpp"
#include <cassert>

MemoryPool::MemoryPool(Device &device) :
    mDevice(device), mChunkAllocator(device) {}

Allocation MemoryPool::allocate(VkDeviceSize size, VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags) {
    if(size % 128 != 0)
        size = size + (128 - (size % 128)); // 128 bytes alignment
    assert(size % 128 == 0);

    for(auto &chunk: mChunks) {
        // if flags are okay
        if((chunk.flags & flags) == flags) {
            int indexBlock = -1;
            // We are looking for a good block
            for(auto i(0u); i < chunk.blocks.size(); ++i) {
                if(chunk.blocks[i].isFree) {
                    if(chunk.blocks[i].size > size) {
                        indexBlock = i;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            // If a block is find
            if(indexBlock != -1) {
                Block newBlock;
                // Set the new block
                newBlock.isFree = true;
                newBlock.offset = chunk.blocks[indexBlock].offset + size;
                newBlock.size = chunk.blocks[indexBlock].size - size;
                newBlock.ptr = chunk.blocks[indexBlock].ptr + size;

                // Modify the current block
                chunk.blocks[indexBlock].isFree = false;
                chunk.blocks[indexBlock].size = size;

                // If allocation does not fit perfectly the block
                if(newBlock.size != 0)
                    chunk.blocks.emplace(chunk.blocks.begin() + indexBlock + 1, newBlock);

                return Allocation(chunk.memory, chunk.blocks[indexBlock].offset, size, chunk.blocks[indexBlock].ptr);
            }
        }
    }

    // if we reach there, we have to allocate a new chunk
    addChunk(mChunkAllocator.allocate(flags, 1 << 25));

    return allocate(size, flags);
}

void MemoryPool::free(Allocation const &alloc) {
    for(auto &chunk: mChunks)
        if(chunk.memory == std::get<0>(alloc)) // Search the good memory device
            for(auto &block : chunk.blocks)
                if(block.offset == std::get<1>(alloc)) // Search the good offset
                    block.isFree = true; // put it to free
}

void MemoryPool::addChunk(const std::tuple<VkDeviceMemory, VkMemoryPropertyFlags, VkDeviceSize, char *> &ptr) {
    Chunk chunk;
    Block block;

    // Add a block mapped along the whole chunk
    block.isFree = true;
    block.offset = 0;
    block.size = std::get<2>(ptr);
    block.ptr = std::get<3>(ptr);

    chunk.flags = std::get<1>(ptr);
    chunk.memory = std::get<0>(ptr);
    chunk.size = std::get<2>(ptr);
    chunk.ptr = std::get<3>(ptr);
    chunk.blocks.emplace_back(block);
    mChunks.emplace_back(chunk);
}

Buffers

Buffers are a well-known part in OpenGL. In Vulkan, it is approximately the same, but you have to manage yourself the memory through one memory pool.

When you create one buffer, you have to give him a size, an usage (uniform buffer, index buffer, vertex buffer, …). You also could ask for a sparse buffer (Sparse resources will be a subject of an article one day ^_^). You also could tell him to be in a mode concurrent. Thanks to that, you could access the same buffer through two different queues.

#pragma once

#include "memorypool.hpp"

class Buffer
{
public:
    Buffer(Device &device, MemoryPool &memoryPool,
           VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkDeviceSize size,
           VkSharingMode sharing = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
           uint32_t nFamilyIndex = 0, uint32_t *pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr);

    Buffer(Buffer &&buf);

    template<typename T>
    T *map() {
        return (T*)std::get<3>(mAllocation);
    }

    VkDeviceSize size();

    operator VkBuffer();

    ~Buffer();

private:
    Device &mDevice;
    MemoryPool &mMemoryPool;
    Allocation mAllocation;
    VkBuffer mBuffer;
};

Buffer::Buffer(Device &device, MemoryPool &memoryPool,
               VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkDeviceSize size, VkSharingMode sharing,
               uint32_t nFamilyIndex, uint32_t *pQueueFamilyIndices) :
    mDevice(device), mMemoryPool(memoryPool) {
    VkBufferCreateInfo info = {};

    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    info.pNext = nullptr;
    info.flags = 0;
    info.size = size;
    info.usage = usage;
    info.sharingMode = sharing;
    info.queueFamilyIndexCount = nFamilyIndex;
    info.pQueueFamilyIndices = pQueueFamilyIndices;

    vulkanCheckError(vkCreateBuffer(mDevice, &info, nullptr, &mBuffer));

    mAllocation = memoryPool.allocate(size, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
    vulkanCheckError(vkBindBufferMemory(mDevice, mBuffer, std::get<0>(mAllocation), std::get<1>(mAllocation)));
}

Buffer::~Buffer() {
    if(mBuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
        mMemoryPool.free(mAllocation);
    vkDestroyBuffer(mDevice, mBuffer, nullptr);
}

I chose to have a host visible and host coherent memory. But it is not especially useful. Indeed, to achieve a better performance, you could want to use a non coherent memory (but you will have to flush/invalidate your memory!!).
For the host visible memory, it is not especially useful as well, indeed, for indirect rendering, it could be smart to perform culling with the GPU to fill all structures!

Shaders

Shaders are Different parts of your pipelines. It is an approximation obviously. But, for each part (vertex processing, geometry processing, fragment processing…), shader associated is invoked. In Vulkan, shaders are wrote with SPIR-V.
SPIR-V is “.class” are for Java. You may compile your GLSL sources to SPIR-V using glslangvalidator.

Why is SPIR-V so powerful ?

SPIR-V allows developers to provide their application without the shader’s source.
SPIR-V is an intermediate representation. Thanks to that, vendor implementation does not have to write a specific language compiler. It results in a lower complexity for the driver and it could more optimize, and compile it faster.

Shaders in Vulkan

Contrary to OpenGL’s shader, it is really easy to compile in Vulkan.
My implementation keeps in memory all shaders into a hashtable. It lets to prevent any shader’s recompilation.

#pragma once

#include "System/Vulkan/Hardware/device.hpp"
#include <unordered_map>
#include <string>

class Shaders
{
public:
    Shaders(Device &device);

    VkShaderModule get(std::string const &path);

    ~Shaders();
private:
    Device &mDevice;
    std::unordered_map<std::string, VkShaderModule> mShaders;
};

#include "shaders.hpp"
#include "System/exception.hpp"
#include <fstream>

auto readBinaryFile(std::string const &path) {
    std::ifstream is(path, std::ios::binary);

    if(!is.is_open())
        throw std::runtime_error("Shader : " + path + " does not found");

    is.seekg(0, std::ios::end);
    auto l = is.tellg();
    is.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);

    std::vector<char> values(l);
    is.read(&values[0], l);

    return values;
}

Shaders::Shaders(Device &device) :
    mDevice(device)
{

}

VkShaderModule Shaders::get(const std::string &path) {
    if(mShaders.find(path) == mShaders.end()) {
        auto file = readBinaryFile(path);
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo info;
        VkShaderModule module;

        info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
        info.pNext = nullptr;
        info.flags = 0;
        info.codeSize = file.size();
        info.pCode = (uint32_t*)&file[0];

        vulkanCheckError(vkCreateShaderModule(mDevice, &info, nullptr, &module));
        mShaders[path] = module;
    }

    return mShaders[path];
}

Shaders::~Shaders() {
    for(auto &shader: mShaders)
        vkDestroyShaderModule(mDevice, shader.second, nullptr);
}

Pipelines

Pipelines are objects used for dispatch (compute pipelines) or render something (graphic pipelines).

The beginning of this part is going to be a summarize of the Vulkan’s specs.

Descriptors

Shaders access buffer and image resources through special variables. These variables are organized into a set of bindings. One set is described by one descriptor.

Descriptor Set Layout

They describe one set. One set is compound with an array of bindings. Each bindings are described by :

1. A binding number
2. One type : Image, uniform buffer, SSBO, …
3. The number of values (Could be an array of textures)
4. Stage where shader could access the binding.

Allocation of Descriptor Sets

They are allocated from descriptor pool objects.
One descriptor pool object is described by a number of set allocation possible, and an array of descriptor type / count it can allocate.

Once you have the descriptor pool, you could allocate from it sets (using both descriptor pool and descriptor set layout).
When you destroy the pool, sets also are destroyed.

Give buffer / image to sets

Now, we have descriptors, but we have to tell Vulkan where shaders can get data from.

Pipeline Layouts

Pipeline layouts are a kind of bridge between the pipeline and descriptor sets. They let you manage push constant as well (we’ll see them in a future article).

Implementation

Since descriptor sets are not coupled with pipelines layout. We could separate pipeline layout and descriptor pool / sets, but currently, I prefer to keep them coupled. It is a choice, and it will maybe change in the future.

#pragma once
#include "System/Vulkan/Hardware/device.hpp"

class PipelineLayout : Loggable, NonCopyable
{
public:
    PipelineLayout(Device &device);

    void setDescriptorSetLayouts(std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo> &&infos);
    void setDescriptorPoolCreateInfo(VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo const &info);
    void create();

    std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> const &descriptorSets() const;

    operator VkPipelineLayout();

    ~PipelineLayout();

private:
    Device &mDevice;

    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo> mSetLayoutCreateInfos;
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> mDescriptorSetLayouts;
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> mDescriptorSets;
    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo mDescriptorPoolCreateInfo;
    VkDescriptorPool mDescriptorPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    VkPipelineLayout mLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
};

void PipelineLayout::create() {
    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo info = {};

    // Create all set layouts
    for(auto &info : mSetLayoutCreateInfos) {
        VkDescriptorSetLayout layout;
        vulkanCheckError(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(mDevice, &info, nullptr, &layout));
        mDescriptorSetLayouts.emplace_back(layout);
    }

    // Create the descriptor pool
    if(mSetLayoutCreateInfos.size() > 0)
        vulkanCheckError(vkCreateDescriptorPool(mDevice, &mDescriptorPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &mDescriptorPool));

    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    info.pNext = nullptr;
    info.flags = 0;
    info.setLayoutCount = mDescriptorSetLayouts.size();
    info.pushConstantRangeCount = 0;

    if(mDescriptorSetLayouts.size() > 0)
        info.pSetLayouts = &mDescriptorSetLayouts[0];

    // Create the pipeline layout
    vulkanCheckError(vkCreatePipelineLayout(mDevice, &info, nullptr, &mLayout));

    if(mDescriptorSetLayouts.size()) {
        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo alloc = {};

        alloc.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        alloc.pNext = nullptr;
        alloc.descriptorPool = mDescriptorPool;
        alloc.descriptorSetCount = mDescriptorSetLayouts.size();
        alloc.pSetLayouts = &mDescriptorSetLayouts[0];
        mDescriptorSets.resize(mDescriptorSetLayouts.size());
        vulkanCheckError(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(mDevice, &alloc, &mDescriptorSets[0]));
    }
}

std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> const &PipelineLayout::descriptorSets() const {
    return mDescriptorSets;
}

PipelineLayout::~PipelineLayout() {
    for(auto &layout : mDescriptorSetLayouts)
        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(mDevice, layout, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDescriptorPool(mDevice, mDescriptorPool, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(mDevice, mLayout, nullptr);
}

The idea is quite easy. You create all your descriptor set layouts, then you allocate them through a pool.

Graphics Pipelines in a nutshell

Graphics Pipelines describe exactly what will happened on the rendering part.
They describe

1. Shader stages
2. Which kind of data you want to deal with (Position, normal,…)
3. Which kind of primitive you want to draw (triangle, lines, points)
4. Which operator you want to use for Stencil and Depth
5. Multi sampling, color blending,…

The creation of a Graphic Pipeline is really easy, the main difficulty is the configuration.

void Pipeline::create() {
    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo info = {};

    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    info.pNext = nullptr;
    info.flags = mFlags;

    info.stageCount = mStages.size();
    info.pStages = &mStages[0];
    info.pVertexInputState = &mVertexInputState;
    info.pInputAssemblyState = &mInputAssemblyState;
    info.pTessellationState = mTesselationState.get();
    info.pViewportState = mViewportState.get();
    info.pRasterizationState = &mRasterizationState;
    info.pMultisampleState = mMultisampleState.get();
    info.pDepthStencilState = mDepthStencilState.get();
    info.pColorBlendState = mColorBlendState.get();
    info.pDynamicState = mDynamicState.get();

    if(mLayout != nullptr)
        info.layout = *mLayout;

    info.renderPass = mRenderPass;
    info.subpass = mSubpass;

    vulkanCheckError(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(mDevice, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &info, nullptr, &mPipeline));
}

I used a kind of builder design pattern to configure pipelines.

For the example, I configure my pipeline as follows :

1. 2 stages : vertex shader and fragment shader
2. Position 4D (x, y, z, w)
3. No depth / stencil test
4. An uniform buffer for one color

This code is a bit long, but it gives all the steps you have to follow to create simple pipelines.

std::unique_ptr<Pipeline> GBufferPipelineBuilder::build(Context &context,
                                                        RenderPass &renderpass, uint32_t subpass) {
    VkRect2D scissor;
    scissor.offset.x = scissor.offset.y = 0;
    scissor.extent.height = context.surfaceWindow().height();
    scissor.extent.width = context.surfaceWindow().width();

    VkViewport vp;
    vp.height = context.surfaceWindow().height();
    vp.width = context.surfaceWindow().width();
    vp.minDepth = 0.0f;
    vp.maxDepth = 1.0f;
    vp.x = vp.y = 0;

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewPort;
    viewPort.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewPort.flags = 0;
    viewPort.pNext = nullptr;
    viewPort.scissorCount = viewPort.viewportCount = 1;
    viewPort.pViewports = &vp;
    viewPort.pScissors = &scissor;

    // 2 stages, vertex and fragment
    std::vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> stages(2);
    for(auto &stage : stages) {
        stage.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        stage.pNext = nullptr;
        stage.flags = 0;
        stage.pSpecializationInfo = nullptr;
    }

    stages[0].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    stages[0].module = context.shader("../Shader/vert.spv");
    stages[0].pName = "main";

    stages[1].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    stages[1].module = context.shader("../Shader/frag.spv");
    stages[1].pName = "main";

    // Values are float4
    VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attribute[1];
    attribute[0].location = 0;
    attribute[0].binding = 0;
    attribute[0].offset = 0;
    attribute[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;

    VkVertexInputBindingDescription binding[1];
    binding[0].binding = 0;
    binding[0].stride = 4 * sizeof(float);
    binding[0].inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInput = {};
    vertexInput.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertexInput.pNext = nullptr;
    vertexInput.flags = 0;
    vertexInput.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 1;
    vertexInput.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
    vertexInput.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attribute;
    vertexInput.pVertexBindingDescriptions = binding;

    // No really MSAA
    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisample = {};
    multisample.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisample.pNext = nullptr;
    multisample.flags = 0;
    multisample.pSampleMask = nullptr;
    multisample.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    multisample.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisample.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisample.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE;

    // DepthStencil tests disabled
    VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
    depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    depthStencil.pNext = nullptr;
    depthStencil.flags = 0;
    depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
    depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_FALSE;
    depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
    depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
    depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;

    // We write all r, g, b, a values
    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlend = {};
    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState cbstate[1] = {};
    cbstate[0].colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT;
    colorBlend.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlend.pNext = nullptr;
    colorBlend.flags = 0;
    colorBlend.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlend.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlend.pAttachments = cbstate;

    std::unique_ptr<PipelineLayout> layout = std::make_unique<PipelineLayout>(context.device());

    // 1 set
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo setLayout = {};
    setLayout.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    setLayout.pNext = nullptr;
    setLayout.flags = 0;
    setLayout.bindingCount = 1;

    // 1 binding for uniform buffer
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding descriptorBinding = {};
    descriptorBinding.binding = 0;
    descriptorBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    descriptorBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    descriptorBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    descriptorBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
    setLayout.pBindings = &descriptorBinding;

    // Pool for one and only one set
    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo;
    descriptorPoolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    descriptorPoolInfo.flags = 0;
    descriptorPoolInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    descriptorPoolInfo.maxSets = 1;
    descriptorPoolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
    VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize;
    poolSize.descriptorCount = 1;
    poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    descriptorPoolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;

    layout->setDescriptorSetLayouts({setLayout});
    layout->setDescriptorPoolCreateInfo(descriptorPoolInfo);

    layout->create();

    std::unique_ptr<Pipeline> pipeline;

    pipeline = std::make_unique<Pipeline>(context.device(), renderpass, subpass);
    pipeline->setVertexInputState(vertexInput);
    pipeline->setStages(std::move(stages));
    pipeline->setViewportState(std::make_unique<VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo>(viewPort));
    pipeline->setMultiSampleState(std::make_unique<VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo>(multisample));
    pipeline->setDepthStencilState(std::make_unique<VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo>(depthStencil));
    pipeline->setColorBlendState(std::make_unique<VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo>(colorBlend));
    pipeline->setLayout(std::move(layout));

    pipeline->create();

    // Create an uniform buffer
    std::unique_ptr<Buffer> bufUniform = std::make_unique<Buffer>
            (context.device(), context.memoryPool(),VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
             4 * sizeof(float));

    VkDescriptorBufferInfo infoBuffer;
    infoBuffer.buffer = *bufUniform;
    infoBuffer.offset = 0;
    infoBuffer.range = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

    pipeline->addBuffer(std::move(bufUniform));

    // "Give" the buffer to the set.
    pipeline->updateBufferDescriptorSets(0, 0,
                                         VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                                         infoBuffer);

    return pipeline;
}

Pipelines and descriptor sets give you an unmatched flexibility.

The main.cpp is this one

#include "Engine/context.hpp"
#include "System/exception.hpp"
#include "cstring"
#include "System/Vulkan/Pipeline/commandpool.hpp"
#include "System/Vulkan/Pipeline/builder/gbufferpipelinebuilder.hpp"
#include "System/Vulkan/Synchronisation/fence.hpp"
#include "System/Vulkan/Memory/buffer.hpp"

void init(Context &context, CommandPool &commandPool, std::unique_ptr<Pipeline> &pipeline, Buffer &buf) {
    GBufferPipelineBuilder builder;
    // Build the pipeline
    pipeline = builder.build(context, context.surfaceWindow().renderPass(), 0);
    commandPool.reset();

    VkClearValue value;
    value.color.float32[0] = 0.;
    value.color.float32[1] = 0.;
    value.color.float32[2] = 0.;
    value.color.float32[3] = 1.;

    std::vector<VkMemoryBarrier> memoryBarrier;
    std::vector<VkBufferMemoryBarrier> bufferBarrier;
    std::vector<VkImageMemoryBarrier> imageBarrier(1);

    VkImageSubresourceRange range;

    range.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    range.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    range.baseMipLevel = 0;
    range.layerCount = 1;
    range.levelCount = 1;

    // obvious value for imageBarrier
    imageBarrier[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
    imageBarrier[0].pNext = nullptr;
    imageBarrier[0].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    imageBarrier[0].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    imageBarrier[0].subresourceRange = range;

    float color[] = {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0};
    memcpy(pipeline->buffer(0).map<float>(), color, sizeof color);

    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        commandPool.allocateCommandBuffer();
        commandPool.beginCommandBuffer(i);

        imageBarrier[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        imageBarrier[0].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        imageBarrier[0].image = context.surfaceWindow().image(i);
        commandPool.commandBarrier(i,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                                   VK_FALSE, memoryBarrier, bufferBarrier, imageBarrier);

        commandPool.beginRenderPass(i, context.surfaceWindow().frameBuffer(i), context.surfaceWindow().renderPass(), {value});

        VkBuffer bufs[] = {buf};
        VkDeviceSize sizes[] = {0};

        pipeline->bind(*commandPool.commandBuffer(i));
        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(*commandPool.commandBuffer(i), 0, 1, bufs, sizes);
        pipeline->bindDescriptorSets(*commandPool.commandBuffer(i));
        vkCmdDraw(*commandPool.commandBuffer(i), 3, 1, 0, 0);

        commandPool.endRenderPass(i);

        imageBarrier[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        imageBarrier[0].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        imageBarrier[0].image = context.surfaceWindow().image(i);

        commandPool.commandBarrier(i,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                                   VK_FALSE, memoryBarrier, bufferBarrier, imageBarrier);

        commandPool.endCommandBuffer(i);
    }
}

void mainLoop(Context &context) {
    Fence fence(context.device(), 1);
    CommandPool commandPool(context.device(), 0);
    std::unique_ptr<Pipeline> pipeline;

    // Un triangle
    float vertices[] = {-0.5, -0.5, 1, 1,
                        0.5, -0.5, 1, 1,
                        0.0, 0.5, 1, 1};

    // Triangle to buffer
    Buffer buf(context.device(), context.memoryPool(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, sizeof(vertices));
    memcpy(buf.map<float>(), vertices, sizeof(vertices));

    while(context.surfaceWindow().isRunning()) {
        context.surfaceWindow().updateEvent();
        if(context.surfaceWindow().neetToInit()) {
            init(context, commandPool, pipeline, buf);
            std::cout << "Initialisation" << std::endl;
            context.surfaceWindow().initDone();
        }
        context.surfaceWindow().begin();
        fence.reset(0);

        context.queue().submit(commandPool.commandBuffer(context.surfaceWindow().currentSwapImage()), 1, *fence.fence(0));
        fence.wait();
        context.surfaceWindow().end(context.queue());
    }
}

int main()
{
    Context c(true);

    mainLoop(c);

    glfwTerminate();

    return 0;
}

And now, we have our perfect triangle !!!!

Barrier and explanations for the main

I am going to explain quickly what memory barriers are.
The idea behind the memory barrier is ensured writes are performed.
When you performed one compute or one render, it is your duty to ensure that data will be visible when you want to re-use them.

In our main.cpp example, I draw a triangle into a frame buffer and present it.

The first barrier is :

        imageBarrier[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        imageBarrier[0].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        imageBarrier[0].image = context.surfaceWindow().image(i);
        commandPool.commandBarrier(i,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                                   VK_FALSE, memoryBarrier, bufferBarrier, imageBarrier);

Image barriers are compound with access, layout, and pipeline barrier with stage.
Since the presentation is a read of a framebuffer, srcAccessMask is VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT.
Now, we want to render inside this image via a framebuffer, so dstAccessMask is VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT.

We were presented the image, and now we want to render inside it, so, layouts are obvious.
When we submit image memory barrier to the command buffer, we have to tell it which stages are affected. Here, we wait for all commands and we begin for the first stage of the pipeline.

The second image memory barrier is

imageBarrier[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
        imageBarrier[0].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        imageBarrier[0].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        imageBarrier[0].image = context.surfaceWindow().image(i);

        commandPool.commandBarrier(i,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
                                   VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                                   VK_FALSE, memoryBarrier, bufferBarrier, imageBarrier);

The only difference is the order and stageMasks. Here we wait for the color attachement (and not the Fragment one !!!!) and we begin with the end of the stages (It is not really easy to explain… but it does not sound not logic).

Steps to render something using pipelines are:

1. Create pipelines
2. Create command pools, command buffer and begin them
3. Create vertex / index buffers
4. Bind pipelines to their subpass, bind buffers and descriptor sets
5. VkCmdDraw

References

Specification

It was a long article, I hope it was not unclear and that I didn’t do to much mistakes ^^.

Kiss !!!!